A company has three VPCs in one AWS Region, each with 15 EC2 instances and no inter-VPC connectivity. A new application will deploy across all three VPCs and needs high bandwidth between nodes. Which approach provides the HIGHEST throughput between the VPCs?

VPC peering provides a direct network connection between two VPCs, allowing instances to communicate as if they are in the same network. For high-bandwidth requirements between a small number of VPCs (like three in this scenario), direct VPC peering offers the highest throughput and lowest latency because traffic stays within the AWS network and doesn't traverse additional hops or services. While a transit gateway can connect many VPCs, for only three, direct peering is more efficient for maximizing throughput. Transit VPC with VPNs and direct Site-to-Site VPNs involve VPN encryption overhead, which reduces throughput compared to native VPC peering.