An online retailer will send up to 100 transactions per second into Amazon Kinesis Data Streams. Each JSON record is 100 KB. What is the minimum number of Kinesis shards required to ingest this data without exceeding shard limits?

Each Kinesis Data Stream shard supports a maximum ingress of 1 MB/second or 1,000 records/second. The retailer sends 100 transactions/second, each 100 KB. Total data volume: 100 transactions/second 100 KB/transaction = 10,000 KB/second = 10 MB/second. Total record count: 100 records/second. To calculate the minimum shards needed based on data volume: 10 MB/second / 1 MB/second per shard = 10 shards. To calculate the minimum shards needed based on record count: 100 records/second / 1,000 records/second per shard = 0.1 shards. Since Kinesis requires the higher of these two values, 10 shards are needed to handle the 10 MB/second data ingress. One shard is insufficient as it would exceed the 1 MB/second limit. 100 or 1,000 shards are excessive and would incur unnecessary costs.