What non-Google Ads signals are used to model store visits?

The correct option is GPS, Wi-Fi, and network data from hundreds of millions of opted-in, signed-in users because Google’s store visit modeling relies on a sophisticated combination of high-accuracy signals to determine when a physical entry occurs. While GPS provides a general outdoor location, Wi-Fi signal strength from routers within a store and network data (such as cell tower triangulation) allow the system to differentiate between a user walking past a shop and one actually entering it, even in dense urban environments or multi-story malls. By aggregating these anonymized data points from a massive, opted-in user base, Google can create a statistically significant model that reflects real-world foot traffic while maintaining individual privacy. Would you like me to explain how these signals are used to distinguish between a customer and a store employee to ensure your reporting remains accurate?