Which is a tool where advertisers buy ads in an automated fashion?

A Demand-Side Platform (DSP) is a programmatic advertising technology that allows advertisers to buy ad impressions across multiple ad exchanges, often in real-time, through automated bidding. It provides a centralized interface for managing campaigns, targeting audiences, and optimizing ad spend. Bid requests are messages sent from publishers to ad exchanges to solicit bids for ad inventory, not a buying tool. A Supply-Side Platform (SSP) is used by publishers to sell their ad inventory, not by advertisers to buy. Model-predicted actions are a type of optimization or targeting strategy, not a platform for ad buying.