Which of the following allows for the attribution of messages to individuals?

Non-repudiation ensures that a party cannot deny having sent or received a message or performed an action. This is achieved through mechanisms like digital signatures, which cryptographically link an action to a specific individual's private key, making it impossible for them to later claim they didn't perform the action. This directly enables the attribution of messages to individuals. Adaptive identity refers to identity management that adjusts based on context, not attribution. Authentication verifies a user's identity but doesn't prevent them from denying past actions. Access logs record actions but don't inherently prevent repudiation; a user could still claim their account was compromised, for example.