Which of the following attacks exploits a potential vulnerability as a result of using weak cryptographic algorithms?

Password cracking directly exploits weak cryptographic algorithms, especially when these algorithms are used for hashing or encrypting passwords. If a weak algorithm is used, or if a strong algorithm is poorly implemented (e.g., with a short key or no salt), an attacker can more easily guess or compute the original password from its hashed or encrypted form. On-path attacks (formerly man-in-the-middle) intercept communications but don't inherently exploit weak crypto algorithms, though they might be easier if encryption is weak. Digital signing is a security control, not an attack. Side-channel attacks exploit information leaked from the physical implementation of a cryptosystem (e.g., power consumption, timing), rather than directly attacking the algorithm's mathematical properties.