Which of the following is NOT one of Malcolm Knowles’ six assumptions of adult learners?

Malcolm Knowles' six assumptions of adult learners, central to andragogy, are: self-concept, experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learning (relevancy-oriented), motivation to learn (motivation), and need to know (need-to-know). "Relevancy-oriented," "Motivation," and "Need-to-know" are all direct components of his theory. "Student-centered" is a pedagogical approach that aligns with adult learning principles but is not one of Knowles' six specific assumptions about the adult learner's characteristics. While adult learning is inherently student-centered, Knowles categorized the specific traits differently.