Which of the following vulnerabilities is exploited when an attacker overwrites a register with a malicious address?

A buffer overflow occurs when a program attempts to write data to a fixed-size buffer beyond its allocated capacity. This overwrites adjacent memory locations, including registers. An attacker can exploit this by injecting malicious code into the buffer and overwriting a return address or other register with the address of their malicious code, leading to arbitrary code execution. VM escape is incorrect because it involves breaking out of a virtual machine's isolation to access the host system, not overwriting registers. SQL injection targets databases by manipulating SQL queries, not memory registers. A race condition involves timing-dependent vulnerabilities where the output depends on the sequence or timing of uncontrollable events, not directly overwriting registers with malicious addresses.