Which QoS method drops or marks packets that exceed a configured bit rate?

Policing is a QoS mechanism that enforces a maximum bandwidth limit by dropping or remarking packets that exceed the configured rate. It's an immediate action, often used at the ingress of a network to protect downstream devices from traffic bursts. CBWFQ (Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing) is a scheduling mechanism that provides bandwidth guarantees to different traffic classes, not a method for dropping or marking excess traffic. LLQ (Low Latency Queuing) is an extension of CBWFQ that prioritizes delay-sensitive traffic by giving it strict priority. Shaping, unlike policing, buffers excess packets and sends them out later, smoothing out traffic bursts rather than dropping them immediately.