Which three are typical VLAN characteristics?

Connectivity between VLANs requires a Layer 3 device because VLANs create separate broadcast domains. To route traffic between these distinct broadcast domains, a router or a Layer 3 switch is necessary. Each VLAN uses a separate address space to ensure logical separation and prevent IP address conflicts between different network segments. This also aligns with the concept of separate broadcast domains. A switch maintains a separate bridging table (MAC address table) for each VLAN to ensure that frames are forwarded only within their respective VLANs, preventing traffic from one VLAN from being broadcast into another. Incorrect options: A new switch typically has a default VLAN (VLAN 1) configured, so it's not true that it has no VLANs. VLANs typically decrease the size of broadcast domains, not collision domains. Collision domains are primarily reduced by using switches instead of hubs. VLANs can and often do span multiple switches, using trunk links to carry traffic for multiple VLANs.