Who incurs the cost of invalid impressions resulting from domain spoofing?

Amazon incurs the cost of invalid impressions resulting from domain spoofing. This is because Amazon DSP (Demand-Side Platform) has sophisticated fraud detection mechanisms in place. When domain spoofing is identified, Amazon's systems flag these impressions as invalid and do not charge advertisers for them. The domain owner is not directly responsible for the cost as they are typically victims of the spoofing, not perpetrators. Advertisers are protected from these fraudulent impressions by Amazon's policies and technology, ensuring they only pay for legitimate ad views.